A detailed overview of the Gurans flowers that brighten the hills of Nepal

1. Introduction

The Rhododendron arboreum, known as “Lali Gurans” in Nepali, holds the prestigious title of Nepal’s national flower. Its vibrant red blossoms represent beauty, resilience, and the spirit of the Nepalese people. Scientifically classified as Rhododendron arboreum, this flowering plant belongs to the Ericaceae family and is renowned for its large, showy flowers and leathery leaves. This section will provide a brief overview of the Lali Gurans or Rhododendron.

1.1 Which type of Rhododendron (Gurans) is the National flower of Nepal?

Rhododendron is a taxonomic rank or genus of a Plant as scientific classification. There are more than a thousand species under the Rhododendron genus worldwide. Of all species, the Rhododendron arboreum (Lali Gurans) is the only National flower in Nepal. (As per the constitution of Nepal 2015, 9/3)

So, not all Rhododendron species are Nepali national flowers. However, they are decorative assets of the Nepali hills.

The Lali Gurans, or Rhododendron arboreum, flourishes in red. In Nepali, ‘Lali’ means red, and ‘Gurans’ means Rhododendron. Hence, they are called ‘Lali Gurans.’

1.2 National recognition and significance of the flower in Nepal

The Lali Gurans, or Rhododendron arboreum, was recognized as the national flower in 1962. The new constitution of Nepal 2015 also recognized this flowering plant as the national flower. Nepali Rupees 500 and 1000 notes also have this flower’s symbol.

The Rhododendron, or Gurans, is more than just a flower or national flower. Since it symbolizes Nepal’s natural heritage and cultural identity, its vibrant beauty, medicinal benefits, popularity, and deep-rooted significance in Nepalese society make it a remarkable plant. Whether admired in the wild or celebrated in cultural expressions, the Rhododendron captivates hearts and minds.

1.3 Different in writing way of Lali Gurans In Nepal

There may be different ways to write Lali Gurans, such as Lali guras, Laliguras, Laligurans, and even Lali Guransh. But all these writings mean the same thing: Gurans means all kinds of Rhododendron, and Lali Gurans means Rhododendron arboreum.

2. Global species, availability, identification

Species: Rhododendron is a diverse genus encompassing over 1,000 species worldwide. These species vary greatly in plant size, ranging from small shrubs to towering trees. Flower size also differs across species.

2.1 Availability Across Countries in the World

Rhododendrons are primarily found in Asia, Europe, and North America, thriving in mountainous regions with cool climates.

Some species of rhododendrons are found in several countries. Their distribution spans the Himalayas, Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, and Australia. Rhododendrons are a popular ornamental plant in Europe, while in North America, they are often seen in the wild in states like Washington and Oregon.

However, Most species are native to eastern Asia and the South Asian Himalayan region.

Despite all this, about 90 percent of Gurans’ natural forests are found in Southeast Asian countries like Nepal, China, India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

2.2 Native environment to grow Rhododendrons or Gurans

Rhododendrons or Gurans prefer cold or mountainous environments. It usually grows at 1500 meters to 3500 meters above sea level. However, in Nepal, this plant can also be found at 1000 to 4000 meters altitude.

2.3 Plant and Flower Characteristics

• Flower Size: The flowers can range from 2 to 10 centimeters in diameter, often appearing in clusters.
• Plant Size: Rhododendron plants can vary from small shrubs to large trees, depending on the species and environmental conditions.
• Color Range: While the most famous variety is the red-flowered Rhododendron arboreum, other species offer colors such as white, pink, purple, and yellow.

3. Species in Nepal and Their Colors

Nepal is home to more than 31 species of Rhododendron, each with its unique charm. The Rhododendron arboreum, or Lali Gurans, is the most prominent and is recognized for its striking red flowers. However, other species in Nepal showcase a palette of colors, including white, pink, purple, and deep crimson.

3.1 Prominent Species Gurans in Nepal

• Rhododendron arboreum: Bright red flowers, the most widespread and celebrated species.
• Rhododendron campanulatum: Pinkish-purple flowers, typically found in higher altitudes.
• Rhododendron lepidotum: Small, white, or pink flowers known for their medicinal properties.
• Rhododendron falconeri: Creamy white or pale yellow flowers with large leathery leaves.

3.3 Two rare species of Rhododendrons or Gurans are found only in Nepal

Two Rhododendron species are said to be rare in Nepal; their botanical names are Rhododendron lowndesii and Rhododendron cowanianum.

However, these 2 species, which are said to be found only in Nepal, are not seen everywhere. Perhaps, including these 2 species, some writers may have also mentioned that there are 33 or 34 species of Gurans in Nepal.

A veteran writer, Kamal Maden, highlighted these rare Gurans species in Himal Khawar Online. According to him:

Rhododendron Lwondaceae

“Donald George Lowndes was a colonel in the Gadwal Rifles under the East India Company. He was fond of herbs. In 1950, he reached Upper Marsyandi of Nepal with the famous British Himalayan climber H.W. Tilman. He collected the specimen of Rhododendrons (Gurans) in Nepal. His collection studied H.H. Davidian in Britain, an expert on Rhododendron (Gurans).

During the study, Davidian found a specimen of a new type of Rhododendron worldwide. So, he named the plant Rhododendron Lwondaceae in honor of Lwondes.
The scientific name by Davidian, two specimens are currently in the UK’s Natural History Museum in London and the Royal Botanical Garden in Edinburgh, Scotland.”

Rhododendron Cowanianum

“Rhododendron kowanianum is another species found only in Nepal. In 1949, Oleg Polunin, from Britain, collected a specimen of a rare Rhododendron in Langtang, Nepal.

The sample collected by Polunin was given to Rhododendron expert H.H. Davidian, who studied in Britain. In 1952, Davidian named this new species Rhododendron cowanianum in honor of the Scottish botanist John McQueen Cowan.

Thus 2 rare Nepalese native Rhododendrons were identified. It is also said that the specimen of both these rare species are stored in the ‘Natural History Museum’ London and ‘Royal Botanical Garden’ Edinburgh Scotland.”

3.4 Subspecies identification

Lali Gurans or Rhododendron arboreum species are specially identified based on the tree’s height and leaf shape. The different colors and sizes of the flowers also identify the species.

Additionally, the petals of the red rose often feature black spots on the inside. These dots are more prevalent in some species and less so in others. Thus, some species can be identified by examining these markings.

4. Spots in Nepal famous for Gurans Scenery

Nepal offers some of the most stunning natural displays of Rhododendron, particularly during the blooming season. Certain trekking routes and national parks are famous for their vibrant Rhododendron forests.

Gurans or Rhododendrons are found in 43 districts in central and high mountain areas from east to west in Nepal.

4.1 Some key Locations to view Gurans or Rhododendron scenery in Nepal

• Ghorepani Poon Hill Trek: This popular trekking route in the Annapurna region is renowned for its spectacular Rhododendron forests, especially around March and April.
• Langtang National Park: A biodiversity hotspot, this park is home to several species of Rhododendron, providing a breathtaking view during the flowering season.
• Dherpatan Game Reserve: Dhorpatan Game Reserve, located in the west of Nepal, is home to possibly the largest rhododendron forest in the country. This little-known destination offers a unique opportunity for travelers to see rhododendrons off typical tourist routes.
• Kanchenjunga Conservation Area: The Kanchenjunga Conservation Area on the border of Nepal and India is famous for its rugged terrain and abundant red flowers. Whether visiting the Mata Pathibhara Dham near Taplejung HQ or going on a trek like the remote but world-famous Kanchenjunga Base Camp Trek. No matter where you go, you will find thick forests full of rhododendron flowers throughout the route during its flowering season.
• Makalu Barun National Park: In eastern Nepal, Makalu Barun National Park is a far better zone or hidden gem for rhododendron enthusiasts. These flower plants are free from human intervention in the wings of these remote and secluded hills, and you can see them in a clean, natural environment.
• There are many more locations in Nepal where you can see Gurans or Rhododendrons. This information is only for some examples.

4.2 Tinjure is known as the Capital Of Rhododendrons (Gurans) in Nepal

Tinjure, Milke, and Jaljale (known as TMJ in short): The beautiful TMJ forest, spread across Tehrathum, Sankhuwasabha, and some parts of the Taplejung district in eastern Nepal, is considered the capital of Gurans or Rhododendrons.

Of the 31 species in Nepal, 28 Gurans or Rhododendron species are said to be found in this area. This magnificent forest, with more than 250 flower plant species, is among the finest in Nepal.

The TMJ is the most beautiful place on earth because it offers a fantastic mountain view. Therefore, programs have been implemented at the government level to develop this area for natural tourism.

These spots are also very popular with the local people of eastern Nepal. Many Gurash lovers come here to spend a few days during the season of Gurans blooming.

The north-south and east-west lengths of Tinjurele Milke and Jaljale forest areas measure 30-45 km and 6-25 km respectively.

If you want to learn more about Tinjure Gurans Garden, Please Click Here.

Tinjure: Everything You Need to Know Before Going

5. Flourishing Season of Gurans or Rhododendron

The Gurans or Rhododendrons typically bloom between March and April in Nepal, painting the hills and forests in shades of red, pink, and white. This season is a highlight for trekkers and nature enthusiasts who flock to the hills to witness the vibrant spectacle.

However, Flowering starts in January in low altitude and bright, sunny areas.

In the humid Himalayan region above 3000 meters, it blooms a little late, usually from February or March. Additionally, in the high Himalayan region or in the freezing zone, this flower blooms until June. In high altitudes, the height of this plant is also not high, where it looks like a shrub.

This is just general information about the blooming season. The flowering season and the height of the Lali Guras flower vary according to the species.

6. How to grow Rhododendron (Gurans) plants?

Seeds, cuttings, and modern tissue culture techniques can produce seedlings of rhododendrons (Gurans). The required ideal soil pH for propagation is 4.5 to 6.0.

6.1 Method of producing seedlings from seeds

Establishing a nursery in the Himalayan forests, where the water does not freeze, the soil is mixed with organic matter, and remains moist, can produce plants.

Beds are kept in the nursery, especially in February and March. The seeds germinate in the nursery within four to eight weeks.

6.2 Grafting process

From healthy one-year-old branches to produce Rhododendrons (Gurans) seedlings from grafting, Four to eight inches in length during the morning, Grafts should be taken.

Three leaves should be kept from the top of the graft, and all the remaining leaves should be cut and removed. The grafts prepared this way are dipped in organic growth hormone, put in a bed or a poly bag, and kept in a lighted shade.

Roots emerge in the graft only after two to three months, but leaves begin to grow within two to three weeks of planting.

Also, there are many farms in Nepal where Rhododendron (Gurans) plants are sold.

7. Beauty and Popularity Over Other Flowers

The incomparable beauty of the Rhododendron Arboretum makes it more popular than any other flower in Nepal. The large, bright red clusters of flowers create a spectacular magical sight with the green leaves and turn the entire hill into a sea of ​​colors.

Indeed, this natural heritage has become a symbol of natural beauty and national pride for Nepal.

7.1 Popularity Factors

The factors to be the popularity of Lali Gurans or Rhododendron arboreum in Nepal are considered below:

• Cultural Significance: Rhododendron is special in Nepalese culture and is often featured in local songs, poems, and art.
• Tourism: The Rhododendron blooming season attracts tourists and trekkers, contributing to the local economy.
• Visual Appeal: The sheer vibrancy and abundance of flowers make Rhododendron a preferred choice for gardens and landscaping.

8. Medicinal properties of Gurans or Rhododendrons

8.1 Medicinal Applications

Beyond its beauty, Gurans or Rhododendron has several medicinal uses. In traditional medicine, various parts of the plant, including the flowers, leaves, and bark, are used to treat ailments such as headaches, diarrhea, and inflammation. The flowers are also known for their antioxidant properties.

Gurans or Rhododendrons are used for the following meditational applications in Nepal.

• Headache Relief: Crushed leaves are applied to the forehead to alleviate headaches.
• Digestive Aid: Flowers are used in traditional remedies to treat stomach issues and diarrhea.
• Antioxidant Properties: Rhododendron flowers are rich in antioxidants, which can help reduce oxidative stress in the body.
• Domestic medicine: Local people use Lali Gurans to treat weak bones, muscle aches, and blisters.
• Pressure and Gastritis: Herbalists believe the Juice of Lali Gurans is useful for gastric and blood pressure management.
• Traditional medicine: Elderly people have experienced Gurans as good medicine for stomach-related diseases. The Lali Gurans or Rhododendron arboreum flower is also suitable for treating many diseases, such as anemia, high blood pressure, rheumatism, and diabetes.
• Best immediate option for spine stuck in the throat: Apart from this, there is a widespread public belief and practice in Nepal that the Flower of Lali Gurans is the best immediate treatment for a fish spine or other food spine stuck in the throat.
• Many more uses for medicine traditionally.

8.2 Uses of Lali Gurans or Rhododendrons for household purposes

• The woods from Lali gurans are used as firewood in high Himalayan and hilly regions.
• The handles of some household weapons, such as Khukuri, hoes, axes, hooks, etc., are made from Lali gurash wood.
• This wood is also used to make different gift items and small furniture.
• The peel and leaf of Rhododendron ( Lali Gurans) are used to make incense sticks and other types of incense.
• The peel and leaf are also used to make manure in hilly and Himalayan regions for small purposes.

8.3 Uses of Gurans flowers In the form of food items

• Lali Gurans or Rhododendron arboreum Flowers are used to produce juice and run local businesses in different Himalayan zones of Nepal. This business is said to help promote Nepali tourism, too.

• Experts say that not only the juice of Lali Gurans can be made from it, but jam, oil, and various Ayurvedic medicines can also be made and sold.

• The Nepali native Raute tribes use Lali Gurans to make pickles.

9. Importance of Gurans in Nepal’s Tourism

The Lali Gurans flower is a native heritage of Nepal so that it can play a significant role in tourism. Tourists can create tour package programs in particular areas, especially during Lali Guras’s blooming season. Before that, if the unique regions of Lali Gurans are identified and arrangements are made for food and accommodation, it will significantly help promote the local and foreign tourism industry.

• Since Lali Gurans or Rhododendron arboreum is a natural gift for Nepal, it does not require much investment. Protecting only existing forests and implementing related policy programs can achieve significant success. Therefore, Nepal can take full advantage of these free natural resources.

• It is understood that the tourism industry related to Lali Guras has started in Nepal. However, as much as could be benefited from this, it has not happened.

• Commercial Uses: Rhododendron or Gurans flowers have medicinal uses, and they can be used to make dyes, teas, or other herbal products. Commercial production can also attract tourists and impact the local economy.

10. Interesting and significant Facts about Gurans

• Altitude Adaptation: Rhododendron arboreum cannot grow in hot areas if you cultivate it, but it can be found everywhere at 1,500 to 3500 meters, even in freezing cold, demonstrating its adaptability to different environments.
• National Symbol: In addition to being Nepal’s national flower, the Rhododendron arboreum is also the state tree of Uttarakhand in India and is recognized as an honored flower in different parts of the world.
• Edible Flowers: Rhododendrons are considered edible flowers, so in some regions, they make a tangy, refreshing juice known locally as “Rhododendron squash.”

10.1 Ecological Importance of Gurans or Rhododendrons

• Role in Ecosystems: Rhododendrons (Gurans) play a crucial role in their native ecosystems, providing shelter and food for various wildlife species, including insects, birds, and mammals.
• Soil Stabilization: Rhododendron arboreum’s roots help prevent soil erosion in mountainous regions, particularly in the Himalayas.

10.2 Cultural Significance of Lali Gurans or Rhododendron arboreum in Nepal

• Symbolism in Festivals: Rhododendron flowers are often used in various Nepalese festivals and religious ceremonies, symbolizing purity and divine beauty, particularly in the Himalayan region.
• Representation in Art and Literature: The flower frequently appears in Nepalese folk songs, poetry, and visual arts, reflecting its deep cultural resonance.
• Ornamental uses: Some women love to wear Lali Guran flowers on their back heads attached to their hair.
• Preventing Negative energy in the home: According to religious beliefs, negative energy will not enter the house’s main door when the Gurans flower is decorated at the house’s main door.

10.3. World’s tallest Lali Gurans or Rhododendron arboreum tree is in Nepal

It is an amazing fact that the Gurans, or Rhododendron’s tallest tree, is in Mangalbare village of the Ilam district of Nepal. It is considered the tallest Lali Gurans or Rhododendron arboreum tree in the world. It is 16.1 meters, or about 53 feet high.
Recently, the Guinness Book of World Records recognized this tree as the tallest Rhododendron tree in the world.

10.4 Richest country for Lali Gurans or Rhododendron arboreum in the world

China is considered the richest country for Rhododendron (Gurans) globally. There are 600 species in China out of more than a thousand Rhododendrons worldwide.

11. Records related to Lali Gurans in Nepal

Unlike the international record of Gurans (Gurans), old materials are rarely found in Nepal. However, awareness has increased, and the importance of Gurans for tourists is being highlighted everywhere. In addition to online materials, government and non-government interests have also started to increase.

In this regard, the Government of Nepal, Department of Forest and Soil Conservation, Ministry of Forest and Environment, Kathmandu, Nepal has prepared and published the Gurans Conservation Action Plan (B.S. 2075-80).

Similarly, books titled The Gurans of Nepal and Kanchenjunga Conservation Area and Gurans were published in 2002 and 2019.

The Gurans of Nepal book published by the Department of Botany is considered the best for scientific records. It contains scientific descriptions of Gurans (Gurans) and their locations. It was written by Keshavraj Rajbhandari and Mark F. Watson.

However, according to Annapurna Post, the book written in Devanagari on ‘Kanchenjunga Conservation Area and its surrounding Gurans’ is useful for general readers. This book briefly explains how Rhododendron (Gurans), which developed in the Alaska region of North America about 60 million years ago, expanded to Nepal.

In the end,

Laligurans, or Gurans, are not just flowers or national flowers. They are symbols of Nepal’s natural heritage and cultural identity, and their vibrant beauty, medicinal benefits, and deep-rooted importance in Nepali society have made them remarkable plants.

Whether admired in the wild or cultural expressions, Laligurans have captivated the hearts and minds of people worldwide.

Therefore, paying attention to its conservation and proper use is equally important.

In some areas, there is even news that Nepal’s national flower is dying out in its own country. You may hear news of Laliguran forests being cut down to solve the daily fuel problem of people around Laliguran forests.

Therefore, let us all find alternatives and focus on saving Laligurans (Gurans). The government and citizens must take this responsibility, and we must always keep our land beautiful.

For now, this article about Lali Gurans or Rhododendron arboreum is all. If there are any errors or omissions, please let us know.

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